Author(s) :

Bushra S. P. Singh, Swati Bhatia.

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Abstract :

This paper reviews the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing open defecation within marginalized Indian communities. Despite large-scale sanitation campaigns, significant disparities persist, especially among Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and slum populations. AI technologies—such as satellite image analysis, mobile data collection, IoT-enabled smart toilets, and GIS-based spatial modeling—offer new pathways for real-time monitoring, predictive risk mapping, and behavior change. However, gaps remain in ethical deployment, inclusion of marginalized groups, and integration with social learning frameworks. Through a systematic synthesis of academic studies, government data, and pilot projects, this review evaluates the readiness, limitations, and equity impact of AI interventions. It highlights the need for participatory AI design, stronger data governance, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure responsible innovation. By centering community agency, this review outlines a roadmap for equitable AI adoption in India’s sanitation ecosystem, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation for all.

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